In an apparatus which determines characteristics of a thin film according to the present invention, a temporal change in a refractive index n and an extinction coefficient k of a thin film in a period from start of a change in the thin film as a processing target (e.g., melting) to end of the change (e.g., solidification) can be obtained with a high time resolution of pico-seconds. Based on this, it is possible to know a progress of a change in state of the thin film (e.g., crystallization) or a transition of growth of crystal grains in units of pico-seconds.

A method of applying spectroscopic ellipsometry to arrive at accurate values of optical and physical properties for thin films on samples having rough or textured surfaces.

PURPOSE:To enable detection of the thickness or the number of sheets by allowing a polarization surface to be twisted through a thin film made of a synthetic resin, constituents which are transmitted through a second polarization filter to be generated, and the quantity of light to be calculated. CONSTITUTION:When a synthetic resin sheet 4 is inserted between a light- projecting portion 1 and a light-reception portion 2, a polarization direction A of rays is twisted while they are transmitted through this sheet 4, thus generating rays (d) containing a constituent (b) in a polarization direction B. The constituent (b) can be transmitted through a second polarization filter' 21 of the light- reception portion 2 so that it enters a photoelectric conversion element 23 through a focusing lens 22. Then, an amount of twist of the direction of polarization of rays is nearly in proportional to the thickness or the number of the sheet 4 while the rays are transmitted through the sheet 4, thus enabling an output of the element 2:3 to be detected according to the thickness or the number of sheet 4.

The present invention relates to methods for making a stable thin film dried protein composition on a surface that has a protein denaturing capability and related devices. A thin film of a biologically active protein containing solution to be dried is deposited on the support surface wherein the film also contains a buffer that maintains the surface pH between about 5.0 and 9.0 during drying under normal pressures and a saccharide in an amount sufficient to stabilize the protein while drying. An advantage of the present invention is that one can make thin film assay devices, such as proteomic microarrays, using supports that normally would not be useful. These supports include modified, chemically derivatized or coated glass substrates.

A highly sensitive optical sensor in a simple structure for detecting a chemical substance dissolved or dispersed in water is provided. The optical sensor (1) comprises a detecting element (2) having a polymer thin film, a light source unit (3) for emitting light for irradiating the polymer thin film, and a photo-detector (4) for detecting the intensity of light reflected from the polymer thin film. The detecting element (2), the light source unit (3), and the photo-detector (4) are integrally mounted in a housing. The polymer thin film is formed on a highly reflective substrate or an optically transparent substrate so as to interact with a chemical substance dissolved or dispersed in water flowing through a water channel (8).

本实用新型提供一种误差小、机械结构简单的雨量计，主要由壳体、集水漏斗、盛水缸体、浮球等构成，盛水缸体的进水口设有进水电磁阀，盛水缸体的出水口设有排水电磁阀，进水电磁阀为常开电磁阀，排水电磁阀为常闭电磁阀；还包括一由容栅尺和单片机组成的微机处理单元，微机处理单元的容栅尺装于浮球上，容栅尺和浮球同步升降运动检测水位并输送水位信号于微机处理单元的单片机，经单片机运算处理后输出雨量信号于输出端口以供输出，微机处理单元控制排水电磁阀和进水电磁阀作相应动作。

本发明公开了一种抗高过载的梳齿电容式单轴加速度计，包括玻璃衬底、固定极板、敏感质量、止挡结构、四个U形梁、两个M形梁、若干梳齿式极板。敏感质量、玻璃衬底和固定极板构成检测电容，同时U形梁、M形梁随着惯性力的作用频繁发生形变，带动敏感质量做出相应的位移响应，得到信号输出。通过惯性力公式和刚度公式，可求得与加速度计所连物体的加速度。本发明创新点在于：通过合理的止档结构设计，限制加速度计机械结构平面内两个方向的位移，防止机械结构在过大的冲击作用下发生破坏，并且通过在中间位置增加一对M形梁设计进一步提高刚度，增加机械结构的抗冲击能力，从而实现了加速度计在三个方向上都具有一定的抗高过载能力。

一种电磁流量计包括：检测器，用于检测一个流量电压；屏蔽电缆，具有围绕电缆芯提供的内导体，该电缆芯被施加有来自所述检测器的流量电压；和转换器，用于通过所述屏蔽电缆接收所述流量电压，并对于所述接收的流量电压执行信号处理，以便输出所述经处理的流量电压，其中所述转换器的前置放大器包括：输入电路，其连接在所述电缆芯和共用电压点之间并具有用于分割所述流量电压的输入电压分割点；主放大器电路，其放大所述流量电压；和反馈电压分配部分，其从所述主放大器电路接收输出电压，并以不同比例将所述输出电压作为正反馈电压分别地分配到所述内导体和所述输入电路。