Technologies are generally described for methods and systems for sensing or imaging. The apparatus includes a stack of a plurality of thin films, such as polymer thin films. The stack has a substantially imaginary total reflectance coefficient. L'invention porte d'une manière générale sur des technologies pour des procédés et des systèmes de détection ou d'imagerie. L'appareil comprend un empilement d'une pluralité de films minces, tels que des films minces de polymère. L'empilement présente un coefficient de réflectance totale sensiblement imaginaire.

A method for detecting flavor and/or flavor intensity in a flavor enhancer. An infrared spectroscopy technique is used to detect amino acid groups which form a five-membered ring structure such as an effective α-NH+3 group and a γ-COO-group, and a phosphate on the 5'-position of a ribose of a nucleotide base in a sample. The detection method has the advantages of simple operation, high sensitivity, wide applicability, high credibility, etc., thereby effectively compensating for the shortcomings and defects of sensory evaluation and electronic tongues. L'invention concerne un procédé de détection d'arôme et/ou d'intensité d'arôme dans un exhausteur de goût. Une technique de spectroscopie infrarouge est utilisée pour détecter des groupes d'acides aminés qui forment une structure cyclique à cinq chaînons, tels qu'un groupe α-NH+3 efficace et un groupe γ-COO, et un phosphate sur la position 5' d'un ribose d'une base nucléotidique dans un échantillon. Le procédé de détection présente les avantages d'un fonctionnement simple, d'une sensibilité élevée, d'une large applicabilité, d'une crédibilité élevée, etc., ce qui permet de compenser efficacement les lacunes et les défauts d'une évaluation sensorielle et de languettes électroniques. 鲜味剂中鲜味和/或鲜味强度的检测方法。通过红外光谱技术，对样品中氨基酸类形成五元环结构的有效α-NH+3基团和γ-COO-基团，以及核苷酸类碱基上核糖的5'-位置上磷酸酯进行测定。该检测方法具有操作简单，灵敏度高，适用性广，可信度强等优点，有效弥补了感官评价和电子舌的缺点与不足。

A projection system for a projector and/or a vehicle light, comprising a light-scattering and/or conversion device and having a scanning device with which a light impingement region of the projected light is shiftable on the light-scattering and/or conversion device; the light-scattering and/or conversion device being configured for conversion and/or for physical scattering of the light projected onto the light-scattering and/or conversion device so that a light emitted into an external environment of the projection system encompasses an emitted light and/or physically scattered light having the at least one output wavelength; and the projection system encompassing a hologram onto which a physically unscattered light having the at least one output wavelength, which is transmitted at least once through the light-scattering and/or conversion device, impinges, and by which the physically unscattered light is deflectable.

722,530. Wattmeters. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO., Ltd., and HUNT, G. J. Jan. 5, 1953 [Jan. 3, 1952], No. 292/52. Class 37. An R.F. wattmeter comprises a pair of identical bridges, each with one arm a thermistor element. The first bridge is in the feed-back line of an oscillator and varies the output thereof with temperature, thereby balancing both bridges in the absence of R.F. The thermistor in the other bridge is fed with the R.F. power and D.C., the bridge being automatically balanced by alteration of the D.C. current in accordance with the out-of-balance output of the bridge. This change in D.C. current, which is proportional to the R.F. power dissipated is measured indirectly. The oscillator 3 supplies current to the two identical bridges 1 and 2, the frequency being determined by the value of condenser 48 which only allows the bridge to balance at one particular frequency. If the temperature of thermistor 6 changes, bridge 1 becomes unbalanced and the out-of-balance current is fed back to the oscillator input through transformer 16 causing a change in output current which tends to rebalance the bridges 1 and 2 automatically. When R.F. power is applied to the thermistor 7 bridge 2 is unbalanced, the out-of-balance signal being amplified in valves 21 and 22 and fed to the cathode follower stage 23 which contains the primary 25 of transformer 26 in its cathode circuit. The twin T-network 24 provides negative feed-back except at the oscillator's fundamental frequency, which reduces the harmonic content of the signal. The cathode follower output is compared with the original amplified oscillations, developed across the secondary 37 of transformer 28, in the phase discriminator circuit A which produces a D.C. output voltage across tapping points 36 and 33, dependent on the phase and amplitude of the out-of-balance signal. This voltage alters the D.C. current through bridge 2 so as to balance it automatically. D.C. current is normally supplied to bridge 2 from a voltage stabilized supply via meter 38. The current through 38 is preset by adjustment of resistor 39, and the current through 42 is set at zero in the absence of R.F. by resistor 14. When R.F. power is supplied to thermistor 7 the bridge is unbalanced, and the voltage developed across points 36 and 33 produces a current in meter 42. The current in 38 remains substantially constant so that the current in 42 equals the change in current through bridge 2, which is twice the change through thermistor 7. Since bridge 2 is nearly balanced both with and without the R.F. applied, the resistance, temperature, and total power expended in 7 are unaltered. This difference is the current in meter 42 which can thus be calibrated directly in power. The instrument is independent of changes in ambient temperature. Semi-conductor devices. The two thermistors are mounted together in a brass block, with their associated condensers 8 and 9, to have the same ambient temperature.

In an apparatus which determines characteristics of a thin film according to the present invention, a temporal change in a refractive index n and an extinction coefficient k of a thin film in a period from start of a change in the thin film as a processing target (e.g., melting) to end of the change (e.g., solidification) can be obtained with a high time resolution of pico-seconds. Based on this, it is possible to know a progress of a change in state of the thin film (e.g., crystallization) or a transition of growth of crystal grains in units of pico-seconds.

The invention refers to a process for loading a socket and/or adapter device with a corresponding semi-conductor component, a socket and/or adapter device, a precision alignment device, as well as a mechanism for loading a socket and/or adapter device with a corresponding semi-conductor component, whereby the mechanism comprises a device, especially a mechanical device for aligning the mechanism in relation to the socket and/or adapter device.

PURPOSE: A highly sensitive optical sensor in a simple structure for detecting a chemical substance dissolved or dispersed in water is provided. CONSTITUTION: An optical sensor(1) for directly detecting a chemical substance dissolved or dispersed in water, comprises: at least one detecting element(2) having a polymer thin film which is capable of interacting with the chemical substance and which is formed on a substrate and arranged in contact with the water; at least one light source unit(3) for emitting light for irradiating the polymer thin film; and a first photo-detector(4) for detecting the intensity of light reflected from the polymer thin film.

559,240. Determining physical qualities; voltage and impedance measurements; compression resistances. HARTSHORN, L., and WILSON, W. June 23, 1942, No. 8585. [Class 37] The response of a measuring instrument is dependent on both the conductance and susceptance of an object, the relative proportions of conductance and susceptance producing the response being predetermined by the instrument Such variations in a physical condition or dimension of an object as produce corresponding changes in the conductance and susceptance of an object are measured by passing an alternating current through the object and a fixed resistor in series with it and measuring a selected component of the potential difference across the resistor. In the arrangement shown in Fig. 2, the secondary winding 26 of a mains-excited transformer supplies a phase adjuster consisting of a choke 27, resistor 28 and condenser 29. A variable tapping 30 on the resistor 28 is connected to one electrode of the cell 31 containing the material under examination, the other electrode of the cell being connected through a fixed resistor 32 to the common return lead 16. A second secondary winding 14 of the transformer supplies polarizing voltage to the anodes 17, 18 of two rectifying triodes, its mid point being connected to the common return lead 16. The voltage to be measured, across the resistance 32, is applied to the grids 19, 20 in parallel. The cathodes 21, 22 are connected together through a resistance R, a variable tapping 23 on which is connected to the common return lead 16 and provides a zero connection. The cathodes are also bridged by a condenser 24 and by a micro-ammeter M in series with a choke 25. A cell for use in measuring the moisture content of seeds, grain, or other granular or pulverulent materials is shown in Fig. 4. A rectangular box 34 of insulating material is provided with electrodes 35, 36 of sheet metal on the inside of two opposite walls, connection being made thereto by contact pieces 37 on the outside of the box. Alternatively the electrodes 35, 36 may be on the outside of the box, conductive connection then being made through two condensers in series with the material under test. The material to be tested is poured into the opening at the top of the cell until the electrodes are completely covered. To avoid the effect of edge capacitance and conductance a guard ring is formed by separating a strip 35a along the upper edge of the electrode 35 and causing the current passing to this strip to byepass the indicating instrument. In another form of cell, Fig. 6, the electrodes consist of coaxial metal cylinders 38, 40 closed at the lower end by an insulating disc 39. The inner cylinder 40 is closed at the upper end by a conical cap 41 which distributes the powder evenly when it is poured into the space between the cylinders 38, 40, the level of the powder being brought up to the point at which it just covers the apex of the cone. An insulating ring 49 guides the material during pouring. The cell is removable from the rest of the instrument, for example it fits in an aperture in the instrument deck 43, the ring 49 abutting against another insulating ring 43a on the deck 43. Connection is made to the inner electrode 40 by means of a plug 44 carried thereby engaging a socket 45 carried by an insulating disc 47, which is supported by a cylinder 48 forming a dust-proof closure. Spring tongues 46 make contact with the outer electrode 38. A cell for testing fibrous material such as tow or straw comprises a base 50, Fig. 8, carrying two cheeks 51 of wood or other insulating material, leaving the cell open at the top and both ends. Electrodes 52 consisting of metal plates are attached to the cheeks. The space between the cheeks is nearly filled with straw 53 and pressure is applied thereto by a plate 56 and lever 54. A cell for measuring the moisture content of air or other gases has electrodes which are open structures, such as sheets of perforated metal or gauze, which allow easy passage of gas. Water from the gas is absorbed or adsorbed by a material such as a textile fabric of open mesh, or very thin films of a plastic material such as cellulose acetate or nitrate, or goldbeaters skin.