965,167. Continuous casting-machines; cutting by fusion. CENTRALNY NAOUTCHNOISSLEDOVATELSKY INSTITUT TCHORNOY METALLOURGIY I.P. BARDINE, and SOJUZNY PROEKTNY INSTITUT STALPROELT. Dec. 28, 1962 [Jan. 12, 1962; Nov. 5, 1962], No. 48887/62. Headings B3F and B3V. In a continuous casting apparatus in which the melt is poured into the mould 3 from a main ladle 1 via an intermediate ladle 2, there are devices 7, Fig. 2, responsive to variations in weight of the intermediate ladle due to changes of level of the molten metal therein, which control automatically the flow of metal from the main ladle to the intermediate ladle, and devices 11, 12 which automatically maintain the level of the melt in the moulds by regulating the flow of metal from the intermediate ladle to the moulds. The devices 7 on which the intermediate ladle 2 rests are stress gauges such as elastic, magnetoelastic, capacity, induction, piezoelectric, semi-conductor &c. gauges which transmit signals to a device 9 actuating the stopper 10 of the main ladle 1 in the appropriate sense. The mould level detector 11, 12 is of the photoelectric, ultrasonic, capacity or radio-active type and actuates a device 14 controlling the stopper 15 of the intermediate ladle 2. The intermediate ladle 2 is mounted for vertical adjustment so that the height of the pouring jet may be adjusted, and also for rotary movement so that it may pour into slag pots adjacent the moulds. Each mould comprises long side walls 22, Fig. 5, with short end walls 24 clamped therebetween, and is reciprocable by a cam device 3a, Fig. 1. The secondary cooling zone comprises series of water sprays each series being independently controlled and sprays facing the long sides of the ingots being mounted for pivotal movement so as to cool uniformly the wide faces. The zone includes guide rollers 30, or alternatively spring-loaded guide rails, Fig. 7 (not shown), which are laterally adjustable for accommod ting different sizes of ingots. Below the secondary cooling zone are mounted withdrawal rolls 33 mounted in pairs in bearings 34 in levers 36 pivoted at 37 and actuated to grip the ingot by hydraulic devices 38. The rolls also serve to feed the dummy ingot into the mould. In the event of an hydraulic failure, eccentrics 41 below the rolls seize the falling ingot. The emergent casting is then cut into lengths by a blowpipe cutter, which is carried by a carriage 42 constrained to move with the casting by an hydraulic clamping device 49. The carriage 42 carries another carriage 47, Fig. 11, to which the cutter is pivotally attached and which is driven along guide 52 by a lead screw 53, the cutter being controlled by fixed copying apparatus 54. The severed ingot is conveyed by a carriage 51, Fig. 8, to conveyer 50, the dummy ingot following the return path.

1,201,118. Analogue/digital converters. DECCA Ltd. 11 March, 1969 [20 May, 1968], No. 23835/68. Heading G4H. In an angle digitizer of the type in which a gate 23 is opened at a time determined by a reference signal and closed by a signal the time of which is dependent on the unknown angle, clock pulses being counted during the time interval between these signals, signals representing sin # and cos #, where # is for example either the angle through which a shaft has rotated or the phase difference between two signals, are fed via semi-conductor switches 11, 12, receiving modulating signals in phase quadrature, a mixer 17, tuner 18 and squaring circuit 19 to a differentiating amplifier 20 the output pulses from which control the closing of the gate 23. The gate is opened, after an interrogate signal 27 has enabled a switch 22 and reset counter 25, by the next reference signal which is derived from one of the modulating signals. The count may be fed to an indicator or computor.

1,245,322. Burglar alarms. WESTERN ELECTRIC CO. Inc. 23 Jan., 1969 [25 Jan., 1968], No. 3743/69. Addition to 1,222,537. Heading G4N. [Also in Divisions H3 and H4] In a modification of the circuit arrangement including a bulk effect semi-conductor device 616, 716 as claimed in the parent Specification, an antenna 618 (Fig. 1) is coupled to the device 616, to emit radiation of frequency fLSA and to receive reflected radiation Doppler shifted in frequency by a frequency fa or a sound responsive means such as a diaphragm 726 (Fig. 2) is arranged to vary the Q of the resonant circuit of the circuit arrangement. As shown in Fig. 1, the reflected radiation fLSAŒfa is mixed with fLSA produced by the bulk effect diode oscillator so as to obtain fa at the output 613 which may be a frequency meter calibrated to indicate the velocity of the target. Alternatively, the output may feed a speaker 6131 to give an audible output and may be used for a burglar alarm. In an alternative embodiment (Fig. 2), a microphone is formed by a diaphragm 726 which is attached to a conductive plunger 725. The plunger 725 vibrates with the diaphragm to modulate the resistive loading of the cavity 715. This modulates the quality factor Q of the resonator so as to provide an amplitude modulated output via a transformer 714 to a load 713. A waveguide may be used for transmitting the output to a load and this filters out low frequency components in the output. An equivalent circuit of Fig. 2 is disclosed (Fig. 3, not shown).

987,613. Measuring physical dimensions; measuring resistivity of semi-conductive material. WESTERN ELECTRIC CO. Inc. April 19, 1961 [April 27, 1960; May 31, 1960], No. 14137/61. Headings G1N and G1U. In an arrangement for determining the resistivity or thickness of a semi-conductive material, a sample is placed, if necessary with a conductive backing, in an aperture in a conductive wall portion of a hollow, wave transmission path and the transmission characteristics of the path including the sample, when it is energized by ultra high frequency radio, are measured, the thickness or resistivity being determined by comparison with transmission characteristic measurements of semiconductors of known resistivity and/or thickness. The wave guide 13, Fig. 1 including the sample 18 under test, is energized through an attenuator 12 by a generator 11 producing energy in the range of 8000-65000 megacycles per second, and a directional coupler 15 comprising a four terminal hybrid junction directs the incident signal from the generator to detector circuit 16 and the reflected signal from the line terminating test sample to detector circuit 17, the two detector outputs being applied alternately to an oscilloscope 28 by a change over switch 27 oscillating at 30 C.P.S. To measure the return loss attenuators 20, 26 are zeroed and attenuators 22, 24 adjusted for equal signal amplitudes from the detector circuits. The sample is then replaced by a good conductor, and attenuator 26 is adjusted to again produce equal detector outputs, the loss being determined from the attenuator setting. Resistivity can be determined by reference to a graph. The penetration determined by the frequency chosen should not be greater than the thickness of the semi-conductor but if unavoidable a method employing backings of differing resistivity may be used. The sample support structure may be adapted for rapid change of slide-mounted backing materials, change of backing being achieved without removing the sample from the aperture. In a modified arrangement Fig. 2 a high Q resonant cavity 31 lightly couples a detector 33 to a generator 32, and a directional coupler 38 couples the input of cavity 31 to a second detector circuit 40, the outputs of the two detector circuits being connected to an oscilloscope as before. Isolaters are provided on each side of the cavity to prevent feedback. Cavity 51, Fig. 3, is bounded by brass plates 53, 54, half a wave length apart and apertures 55 couple the cavity to the remainder of the guide. Opening 72 in the smaller wall is provided for receipt of the test sample which may be supported from wings 56. A screw 59 is provided to adjust the transition impedance between wave-guide and cavity.

PURPOSE: To make high-accuracy measurement by shifting the temperature of an element measuring the relative concentration so that the measuring element is operated in the range of the highest sensitivity. CONSTITUTION: A sensor assembly is provided with a heating/cooling element 7 arranged at the upper section with a thin film humidity sensor element 3 having a small heater resistor part 2 used as a dew point sensor and temperature sensors 6, 1. The sensor 6 measures the ambient temperature, and the sensor 1 measures the temperature of the element 3 respectively. The operating temperature of the element 3 is shifted to the optimum range. The peripheral face dew point is calculated from the measured result of the relative temperature of the element 3 and the measured temperature of the element 3. The ambient temperature measured by the sensor 6 is used as required. High- accuracy measurement can be made by this method even when reaction is fast and the relative humidity is low.

Provided is a resist film forming device which uses an electrostatic spray device which is capable of forming a thin film with a uniform thickness on a workpiece. A resist film forming device (100), which forms a resist film (108) on a substrate by electrostatic spraying, comprises: a nozzle (102) which, upon application of a prescribed voltage, sprays liquid particles which form the raw material for a resist film (108) toward a substrate (105) having stepped portions (105a); a driving means (111) for causing relative movement of the substrate (105) or the nozzle (102); and a control means (110) for controlling such that the resist film (108) is formed on the substrate (105) having the stepped portions (105a) by the liquid particles.

In an angle digitizer of the type in which a gate 23 is opened at a time determined by a reference signal and closed by a signal the time of which is dependent on the unknown angle, clock pulses being counted during the time interval between these signals, signals representing sin # and cos #, where # is for example either the angle through which a shaft has rotated or the phase difference between two signals, are fed via semi-conductor switches 11, 12, receiving modulating signals in phase quadrature, a mixer 17, tuner 18 and squaring circuit 19 to a differentiating amplifier 20 the output pulses from which control the closing of the gate 23. The gate is opened, after an interrogate signal 27 has enabled a switch 22 and reset counter 25, by the next reference signal which is derived from one of the modulating signals. The count may be fed to an indicator or computor.

A thick film electrochemical microsensor device for measuring or regulating chlorine and bromine in water, comprising a substrate to which is applied an optimum arrangement of at least two electrodes. The device is especially useful for measuring or regulating chlorine and bromine levels in swimming pool or spa water. A method of measuring or regulating ions of at least one of chlorine and bromine in water is also described, which comprises contacting the water with the microsensor of the present invention; measuring the current output of the microsensor; determining the level of at least one of chlorine and bromine indicated by the current output; and generating a signal.