1,159,281. Differencing circuits. SOC. NATIONALE D'ETUDE ET DE CONSTRUCTION DE MOTEURS D'AVIATION. 4 Jan., 1967 [7 Jan., 1966], No. 503/67. Heading G4G. Apparatus for comparing two analog signals and selecting the greater comprises (Fig. 1), summing and differencing circuits, 1, 2 receiving input signals x, y after squarewave modulation by a reference signal e, and applying the difference signal (x-y) over parallel amplifiers 3, 4 of equal and opposite gains, to the controls of a switching relay 5 operated by a phase comparator 6 receiving the reference and difference signals. If (x-y) > 0, (x+y) and (x-y) are added at 7 to develop an output signal 2x and similarly if (x-y) < 0 they are subtracted to develop an output signal 2y, which may operate e.g. a bi-phase motor. Alternatively (Fig. 2, not shown) the input signals are modulated, and applied to a differential amplifier producing a signal representing (x-y), which is applied with the reference signal to a phase comparator producing a positive output for (x-y) > 0 and a negative for (x-y) < 0, and utilizing this to operate a trigger and gate selecting the appropriate modulated input signal x or y for (x-y)>0 or (x-y) < 0. The apparatus is applicable e.g. to gas turbine control systems utilizing more than one control parameter. The amplifier and switching may employ semi-conductors.

A method of detecting or metering a target material and an electrode substrate, an apparatus, and a kit used at the same are provided to separate the target molecule of the sample liquid and detect/meter the molecule with high sensitivity by electrically and chemically detecting the giving and receiving change of the electron. A method of detecting or metering a target material(18) of a sample liquid(A) is composed of processes(a,b) of forming a metal oxide thin film(12) containing a target material model(14) on an electrode substrate(10); a process(c) of forming a recessed unit(16) fitted with the target material at the metal oxide thin film by removing the target material model from the metal oxide thin film; a process(d) of contacting the sample liquid added with a redox reaction molecule and the metal oxide thin film formed with the recessed unit; and a process of electrically and chemically detecting the electron giving and receiving change with the redox reaction molecule around the surface of the electrode substrate.

1. A process for the production of a thin film sensor comprising a rigid support (1) which does not absorb water, wherein a metal film (2) is deposited on one face at least of said support, said metal film (2) is separated into two separate adjoining portions (3, 5), one (3) of which is a first capacitor plate and the other is an electrode (5), a first film (P1) of water-repellent polymer in solution in a specific solvent is deposited on the metal film (2) and on the support (1), said polymer being selected to present in addition to its dielectric properties good spreading over the support (1) and over the metal film (2) and good adhesion to the support and the metal film and to a second film (P2) of hydrophilic polymer in solution in a specific solvent and deposited on said first film, said polymer being selected for its dielectric properties, the solutions of the polymers of the two films (P1, P2) being based on different specific solvents, the two films (P1, P2) of polymer are removed at spaced points (12) of the electrode (5), and a porous metal film (13) is deposited on the second film (P2) of polymer and on the electrode (5) at said points (12). Procédé de fabrication d'un capteur de température ou d'humidité du type à couches minces et capteurs obtenus. Un substrat (1) du type pour circuit imprimé a sur une face une couche conductrice (2) gravée pour présenter une première électrode (3) découpèe en résistance imprimée avec deux plots de connexion (4A, 4B) et une seconde électrode (5) avec un plot de connexion (6), toutes deux recouvertes d'une couche de polymère supprimé en des endroits (12) de la seconde électrode (6) pour mettre celle-ci en contact direct avec une couche métallique poreuse recouvrant cette couche de polymère oui sert de diélectrique entre ladite couche métallique poreuse et la première électrode (3).

A method and device, based on a film of a luminescent substance, such as colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals dispersed in a polymer matrix, for conducting quantitative and real-time analyses of PCR processes or of biomolecular interactions in genomics and/or proteomics. The optical detection system is based on FRET processes between the luminescent substance (which acts as the donor in the FRET process) and a suitable fluorophore (which acts as the acceptor species) with which the DNA or other biomolecule is marked. The device is essentially composed of a reaction microchamber with a wall formed by a thin film made of polymer material, in which the nanocrystals are uniformly dispersed, or made of a photoluminescent or electroluminescent polymer. Molecular probes are chemically immobilized on the surface of the polymer film for the specific recognition of the analyte which is to be determined in real time. The film of nanocrystals is excited by radiation at low wavelength (for example, UV/blue), and the radiation in the spectral emission window characteristic of the fluorescent marker of the biomolecule is detected. The specific photophysical characteristics of FRET processes make it possible to monitor in a selective way, in real time and in quantitative mode, the biomolecular interactions, which take place in the close proximity of the surface of the film (typically at distances of <10 nanometres), thus almost completely reducing possible interference caused by background signals and by the free biomolecules in solution (which have not interacted with the corresponding recognition sites). The characteristics of the device also enable simultaneous analyses to be conducted in parallel on different biomolecules (multiplexing).

A solid-state sensor is described for determining hydrogen and/or NOx concentration and the method for its preparation, it comprising a support on which a thin film of thickness between 80 and 200 nm is deposited consisting of tin and bismuth oxides, the quantity of bismuth in the thin film being between 5 and 7% in terms of atomic weight.

When visualizing the stress distribution of natural bone, synthetic bone, or a member attached to either thereof without omitted points, in order to measure accurately in a variety of modes using an inexpensive system, a mechanoluminescence material thin film 6 is formed in advance on a bone material peripheral surface 5 in an appropriate area thereof including the portion where an insertion support portion 4 of an artificial hip prosthesis 2 is inserted into a hollow inside 3 of a damaged femur 1 or a synthetic bone simulating the damaged femur. The mechanoluminescence material thin film 6 portion is photographed over its entire circumference with an IICCD camera 7 from the external peripheral side thereof as or after the artificial hip prosthesis 2 is inserted. The obtained image is fed to a computer 11 to obtain a luminescence image 8. The computer 11 outputs the intensities of the received light in the form of an image as is, so that the luminescence image 8 can be obtained easily. Particularly, the data about the intensities of the received light can be used as stress/strain data virtually as is. Such method is also suitable for dynamic analysis.

An embodiment provides a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) array substrate comprising a substrate and multilayer array patterns formed on the substrate, and a detecting mark, which is used to detect the size or alignment deviation of one array pattern among the multilayer array patterns and provided in a region of the substrate where the multilayer array patterns are not provided. The detecting mark comprises a detecting area and a detecting pattern which is provided in the same layer as the array pattern to be detected, the detecting pattern is located within the detecting area, and the detecting pattern has transmissivity or reflectivity different from that of the remaining area in the detecting area other than the detecting pattern.