Technologies are generally described for methods and systems for sensing or imaging. The apparatus includes a stack of a plurality of thin films, such as polymer thin films. The stack has a substantially imaginary total reflectance coefficient.

A thick film electrochemical micro-sensor device for detecting or monitoring sulfur dioxide, comprising a substrate to which is applied a working electrode, a counter electrode, a reference electrode, and optionally a heater and a temperature detector, wherein a portion of the electrodes is covered with an insulator, and a portion of the electrodes is covered with an electrolyte. The device is especially useful for detecting or monitoring sulfur dioxide in emission gases. A method of detecting or monitoring sulfur dioxide emissions using the electrochemical micro-sensor device includes contacting the emission gas with the sensor of the present invention, measuring the current output of the sensor, determining if the current output indicates the presence of sulfur dioxide, and generating a signal, that can be used to actuate a scrubber system when a pre-determined level of sulfur dioxide is detected.

Metal complexes of formula M(L1L2L3n-XmA (I) are new. M = a di- or trivalent rare earth or transition metal cation; L1-L3 = ligands which contain at least two N-contg. heterocyclic rings and are coordinated to M through N atoms; X = a reactive functional gp. that is covalently attached to at least one of L1-L3 through a linker Y with one or more positive or negative charge carriers; n = 1-10; m = 1-6; A = counterions. Also claimed is a conjugate comprising at least one complex as above coupled to a biological substance. Pref. M = Ru, Re, Os, Cr or Ir; L = bipyridine and/or phenanthroline ring systems; X = carboxylic acid halide, anhydride, activated ester, maleimide or photoactivatable gp.; Y = a linker contg. up to 10 charged gps. phosphate, phosphonate, sulphonate, and/or carboxylate (esp. carboxylate) as negative charge carrier: and/or opt. substd. amino as positive charge carrier; Y is pref. at least partly a peptide chain including at least one basic or acidic amino acid, esp. Lys, Orn, hydroxylysine, Asp of Glu. The conjugate is to biotin, an antibody or antibody fragment, a nucleic acid, a polypeptide antigen, an immunoreactive peptide or a hapten.

The invention refers to a process for loading a socket and/or adapter device with a corresponding semi-conductor component, a socket and/or adapter device, a precision alignment device, as well as a mechanism for loading a socket and/or adapter device with a corresponding semi-conductor component, whereby the mechanism comprises a device, especially a mechanical device for aligning the mechanism in relation to the socket and/or adapter device.

In an apparatus which determines characteristics of a thin film according to the present invention, a temporal change in a refractive index n and an extinction coefficient k of a thin film in a period from start of a change in the thin film as a processing target (e.g., melting) to end of the change (e.g., solidification) can be obtained with a high time resolution of pico-seconds. Based on this, it is possible to know a progress of a change in state of the thin film (e.g., crystallization) or a transition of growth of crystal grains in units of pico-seconds.

PURPOSE:To search for thermal conductivity of a thin film by sticking a film to be measured to a reference substance of known thermal conductivity, interposing a heating source between both for heating, heating the film to be measured, and measuring change of a resistance value of the heating source due to temperature change of the film to be measured generated by the heating. CONSTITUTION:A metallic film is formed on the surface of a film 2 to be measured, patterning is performed, and a thin line 11 of a heating source, current supply pads 25, voltage measuring pads 26 are formed thereon. A reference substance of known thermal conductivity is placed on the surface of the film 2 containing the thin line 11, and stuck thereto. Current is supplied from a constant power electric source 17 to the thin line 11 through the current supply probes 25, the thin line is heated, and the supply current is controlled by detecting in order the voltage applied on the thin line 11 with the voltage measuring probes 26. It is measured by a current/voltage measuring device 18, and the electric resistance value of the line 11 and temperature at that time are computed by a computer 19. Power supplied to the line 11 and the heating value per unit length/time is computed so as to obtain the thermal conductivity.

Disclosed is a method for determining the chloralkane content in a chloral hydrate or a preparation thereof using gas chromatography, the method comprising the following steps: step one: weighing a chloralkane control precisely, dissolving same in an organic solvent to obtain a control solution; step two: dissolving or diluting a chloral hydrate or a preparation thereof to be tested with water or an inorganic salt aqueous solution, adding an organic solvent for extraction, and taking the organic layer as a test solution; and step three: testing the control solution and the test solution using gas chromatography, respectively, and calculating the chloralkane content. L'invention concerne un procédé de détermination de la teneur en chloralcanes dans un hydrate de chloral ou une préparation correspondante à l'aide d'une chromatographie en phase gazeuse, le procédé consistant : étape 1 : à peser un témoin de chloralcanes avec précision, à dissoudre ce dernier dans un solvant organique afin d'obtenir une solution témoin ; étape 2 : à dissoudre ou à diluer un hydrate de chloral ou une préparation correspondante à tester avec de l'eau ou une solution aqueuse de sel inorganique, à ajouter un solvant organique pour extraction, et à prendre la couche organique en tant que solution de test ; et étape 3 : à tester la solution témoin et la solution de test à l'aide d'une chromatographie en phase gazeuse, respectivement, et à calculer la teneur en chloralcanes. 采用气相色谱法测定水合氯醛或其制剂中氯代烷烃的含量的方法，包括以下步骤：第一步：精密称取氯代烷烃对照品，将其在有机溶剂中溶解，得到对照品溶液；第二步：将待测水合氯醛或其制剂用水或无机盐水溶液溶解或稀释，加入有机溶剂进行萃取，取有机层作为测试溶液；以及第三步：采用气相色谱法分别检测对照品溶液和测试溶液，并计算氯代烷烃的含量。

An alignment system, detection system and alignment method for a container or vehicle detection system; the detection system comprises a radiation source (1), a collimator (2), and a detector module (3) installed on a detector arm; the radiation source (1), the collimator (2) and the detector module (3) are arranged to form a detection channel; a ray beam emitted by the radiation source (1) enters a detected object through the collimator (2), and the detector module (3) collects the attenuated ray beam to complete the detection. The alignment system comprises a measurement module (5) arranged to receive the ray beam emitted by the collimator (2) and to determine the position and direction of the radiation source (1) and the collimator (2) by measuring the ray beam. A degree of alignment between a center point of the radiation source (1), a pen-end center line of the detector and a center line of the collimator (2) can be accurately measured via the alignment method. L'invention concerne un système d'alignement, un système de détection et un procédé d'alignement d'un système de détection de conteneur ou de véhicule. Le système de détection comprend une source de rayonnement (1), un collimateur (2), et un module de détection (3) placé sur un bras de détection. La source de rayonnement (1), le collimateur (2), et le module de détection (3) sont placés de sorte à former un canal de détection. Un faisceau de rayons émis par la source de rayonnement (1) entre dans un objet détecté à travers le collimateur (2), et le module de détection (3) collecte le faisceau de rayonnement atténué pour exécuter la détection. Le système d'alignement comprend un module de mesurage (5) configuré pour recevoir le faisceau de rayons émis par le collimateur (2), et déterminer la position et la direction de la source de rayonnement (1) et du collimateur (2) en mesurant le faisceau de rayons. Un degré d'alignement entre un point central de la source de rayonnement (1), une ligne centrale côté stylo du détecteur, et une ligne centrale du collimateur (2) peut être mesuré avec précision via le procédé d'alignement. 一种用于集装箱或车辆检查系统的对准系统、检查系统和对准方法。检查系统包括射线源（1）、准直器（2）以及安装在探测器臂上的探测器模块（3），射线源（1）、准直器（2）以及探测器模块（3）布置成形成检查通道，射线源（1）发射的射线束经过准直器（2）入射到被检查物体，由探测器模块（3）收集被衰减的射线束以完成检查。对准系统包括测量模块（5），所述测量模块（5）布置成接收从准直器（2）发出的射线束并通过测量射线束确定射线源（1）和准直器（2）的位置和方向。该对准方法可以更加准确地测量射线源（1）中心点、探测器笔端中心线及准直器（2）中心线的对准程度。