A surface derivatizing agent having an .alpha., .gamma.-diketo moiety, a betahydroxy acid moiety, a hydroxamic acid moiety, a phosphonic acid moiety, or a phenolic moiety, or that is a trimethylsilyl donor, is allowed to contact an aqueous slurry of pigment particles selected from the group consisting of transition metal containing pigment particles, transition metal oxide containing pigment particles, and complexes of transition metals or transition metal oxides, to increase the hydrophobicity of the surface of such particles. The modified pigment particles disperse easily in a wide variety of organic solvents, and provide stable dispersions having a small mean pigment particle size and narrow particle size distribution.

Technologies are generally described for methods and systems for sensing or imaging. The apparatus includes a stack of a plurality of thin films, such as polymer thin films. The stack has a substantially imaginary total reflectance coefficient.

1,209,458. Sensing liquid levels and temperature electrically. ALL-O-MATIC MFG. CORP. Nov.8, 1967 [Nov. 16, 966], No.50881/67. Heading G1N. A liquid level and/or temperature sensing system e.g. for the cooling water of an automobile engine, comprises a semi-conductor sensor 2 Fig. 1, of doped silicon, germanium or gallium arsenide, either N or P type, the resistance of which decreases as temperature increases above a characteristic temperature value and the resistance of which increases as temperature increases at temperatures below the characteristic value. The semi-conductor sensor 2 is connected in series with a warning lamp to the battery voltage, the lamp filament acting additionally as a current limiter. The sensor may firstly be used to monitor the liquid temperature. For safe working temperatures of the engine the current through the sensor 2 will be insufficient to light the lamp. As the temperature rises above the characteristic value e.g. 250‹ F., the sensor resistance decreases and the current will increase causing the lamp to light increasingly brightly. Secondly the sensor monitors the liquid level. If the level falls below the sensor there will be no heat transfer to the liquid and the sensor temperature will increase rapidly due to the I2R losses therein. The sensor resistance therefore decreases and the current increases to light the warning lamp being limited by the resistance of the lamp.

In an apparatus which determines characteristics of a thin film according to the present invention, a temporal change in a refractive index n and an extinction coefficient k of a thin film in a period from start of a change in the thin film as a processing target (e.g., melting) to end of the change (e.g., solidification) can be obtained with a high time resolution of pico-seconds. Based on this, it is possible to know a progress of a change in state of the thin film (e.g., crystallization) or a transition of growth of crystal grains in units of pico-seconds.

A process, device and apparatus for loading a socket and/or adapter device with a semi-conductor component, where the mechanism has a device, in particular a mechanical device, for instance and appropriate attachment for opening the socket and/or adapter device.

A surface derivatizing agent having an alpha , gamma -diketo moiety, a beta-hydroxy acid moiety, a hydroxamic acid moiety, a phosphonic acid moiety, or a phenolic moiety, or that is a trimethylsilyl donor, is allowed to contact an aqueous slurry of pigment particles selected from the group consisting of transition metal containing pigment particles, transition metal oxide containing pigment particles, and complexes of transition metals or transition metal oxides, to increase the hydrophobicity of the surface of such particles. The modified pigment particles disperse easily in a wide variety of organic solvents, and provide stable dispersions having a small mean pigment particle size and narrow particle size distribution. Un agent de dérivation de surface comportant une fraction alpha , gamma -dicéto, une fraction acide béta-hydroxy, une fraction acide hydroxamique, une fraction acide phosphonique ou une fraction phénolique, ou qui est donneur de triméthylsilyle, est mis en contact avec une boue aqueuse de particules de pigments sélectionnés dans le groupe constitué de particules de pigments constituées d'un métal de transition, de particules de pigments constituées d'un oxyde de métal de transition, et de complexes de métaux de transition ou d'oxydes de métaux de transition, dans le but d'accroître l'hydrophobie de la surface de ces particules. Les particules de pigments modifiées se dispersent facilement dans une large gamme de solvants organiques, et permettent d'obtenir des dispersions stables ayant une faible taille moyenne des particules de pigments et une répartition étroite des tailles de particules.

A highly sensitive optical sensor in a simple structure for detecting a chemical substance dissolved or dispersed in water is provided. The optical sensor (1) comprises a detecting element (2) having a polymer thin film, a light source unit (3) for emitting light for irradiating the polymer thin film, and a photo-detector (4) for detecting the intensity of light reflected from the polymer thin film. The detecting element (2), the light source unit (3), and the photo-detector (4) are integrally mounted in a housing. The polymer thin film is formed on a highly reflective substrate or an optically transparent substrate so as to interact with a chemical substance dissolved or dispersed in water flowing through a water channel (8). L'invention concerne un capteur optique à forte sensibilité dans une simple structure. Ce capteur a pour but de détecter une substance chimique dissoute ou dispersée dans l'eau. Le capteur optique (1) comprend un élément de détection (2) présentant une couche mince de polymère, une unité (3) formant source de lumière émettant de la lumière pour irradier la couche mince de polymère et un photo-détecteur (4) pour détecter l'intensité de la lumière réfléchie à partir de la couche mince de polymère. L'élément de détection (2), l'unité (3) formant source de lumière et le photo-détecteur (4) sont fixés de manière solidaire dans un boîtier. La couche mince de polymère est formée sur un substrat à forte réflexion ou un substrat optiquement transparent de manière à exercer une interaction avec une substance chimique dissoute ou dispersée dans de l'eau s'écoulant dans un canal d'eau (8).

794,753. Semi-conductor devices; electric analogue calculating systems; power measurement; magnetic tests. WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC INTERNATIONAL CO. Sept. 19, 1955 [Sept. 28, 1954], No. 26692/55. Class 37. [Also in Group XXXVIII] A semi-conductor apparatus comprises a thin, rectangular, semi-conductor body mainly of material of one type conductivity in which the ratio of majority to minority carrier density is less than 10: 1 with a region of the opposite type on at least one of two opposite edges forming a PN junction therewith, a source of control current connected to current electrodes on the other two edges of the body, means for biasing the junction or junctions in the reverse direction and means for producing a magnetic field to deflect current carriers towards or away from the or one of the junctions to provide a current in an output circuit. In the device shown in Fig. 1 the junctions are produced by the crystal growth or alloying methods on a body 101 of slightly N-type Ge, Si or AIIIBV compound (particularly one of the nine compounds of Al, Ga, In with P, As, Sb). When subjected to a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the paper with the D.C. source 103 connected as shown between, e.g., soldered ohmic electrodes 105, 107, both holes and electrons are deflected towards junction 111 and away from junction 113. Both junctions are reverse biased by battery 119 so that only minority carriers, i.e. holes cross then to produce output voltages across resistors 121, 123. Electrons accumulate at junction 111 and provide a space charge effect assisting the magnetic field in deflecting minority carriers. In the absence of a field some minority carriers cross both junctions, the effect of the field being to enhance the flow across junction 111 and reduce that across 113, to give an output voltage across terminals 125, 127 proportional to field strength and input current. The magnitude of the field may be measured if a constant amplitude A.C. source replaces source 103, and the device may be used as a multiplier in a computer if one variable is expressed as a magnetic field and the other as a current. A mainly P type body may alternatively be used with appropriately poled bias supplies. In either case the ratio of majority to minority carrier density should not exceed 10: 1. The device has the advantage over a Hall plate that the output is roughly independent of the size of the semi-conductor plate. An embodiment using the device in a temperature measuring system is also described (see Group XXXVIII). Power measurement.-The circuit shown in Fig. 3 uses a device as described above to measure power in an A.C. circuit. The load 344 in the circuit is wired in series with the energizing winding 330 of electromagnet 332 in the air gap of which the semi-conductor body is situated, while the ohmic electrodes 305, 307 are connected across the load to receive a current proportional to the instantaneous voltage across it. Separate junction bias supplies 319a, 319b are used, application of unwanted A.C. bias from the load being prevented by connecting said batteries to the centre taps of potentiometers 318, 320 connected across electrodes 305, 307. The output voltage across terminals 325, 327 is integrated by capacitor 348 co-operating with D.C. voltmeter 346 which indicates power.