A pore- or particle-size distribution measurement apparatus is provided. When the size of a pore existing in a porous insulator film or the size of a particle in a thin film is measured, a specimen having the insulator film on the surface of a substrate is irradiated, from the surface side thereof, with X-rays at a specified incident angle larger than the total reflection critical angle of the insulator film but less than 1.3 times the total reflection critical angle of the substrate. In the irradiated X-rays, among components exiting from the insulator film without entering the pore and scattering of reflection component of the X-rays reflected on the surface of the substrate after having entered the insulator film, the scattered component whose exit angle is larger than that of a component of the reflection component which exits from the insulator film without entering the pore is detected.

The invention concerns a method for testing or measuring electrical elements, wherein a beam (6) of particles is applied to a location of an electrical element (2, 3), charges are released under the effect of the application of the beam (6) of particles, the released charges are collected by a collector (9), the amount of collected charges is measured, and an electrical characteristic is derived from the measurement of the amount of charges collected. The invention is applicable, in particular, to measuring the resistance and/or the capacity of printed circuits, as well as to any other type of substrates such flat displays, circuits equipped with components, semi-conductor chips. L'invention concerne un procédé de test ou mesure d'éléments électriques, dans lequel un faisceau (6) de particules est appliqué à un emplacement d'un élément électrique (2, 3) , des charges sont libérées sous l'effet de l'application du faisceau (6) de particules, les charges libérées sont collectées par un collecteur (9) , la quantité de charges collectées est mesurée, et une caractéristique électrique est déduite de la mesure de la quantité de charges collectées. L'invention s'applique, en particulier, à la mesure de la résistance et /ou de la capacité de circuits imprimés, ainsi qu'à tout autre type de substrats tels que des écrans plats, circuits équipés de composants, puces à semi- conducteurs .

768,296. Electric measuring systems. SIEMENS - SCHUCKERTWERKE AKT. - GES. Jan. 13, 1955 [Jan. 13, 1954; Feb. 10, 1954; Feb. 26. 1954; Feb. 26, 1954; March 4, 1954; April 17, 1954; April 17, 1954; Oct. 30, 1954], No. 1144/55. Class 40 (1). [Also in Groups XXXV and XXXVII] Apparatus for measuring the torque of an electric motor for indicating or control purposes comprises a semi-conductor body transversely located in the magnetic field of the motor and fed with the armature current in a perpendicular direction, whereby a Hall effect voltage is produced in the third perpendicular direction whose magnitude is proportional to the torque produced by the motor. As shown for a D.C. series-wound machine 106 (Fig. 7), the semiconductor body 110 is located between a field pole and the armature, so that the flux passes transversely through it, and an E.M.F. proportional to the armature current is obtained from a series resistor 111 to be fed in at terminals 101, 102 located at the axially opposing edges of the body 110, whereby the Hall voltage appearing at terminals 103, 104 on the other opposing edges is proportional to the torque, and may be used to control full load relay 113, operating a warning lamp 115; and over-load relay 114 which can trip the main switch 112. The longitudinal current through the semi-conductor body 110 may alternatively be obtained through a D.C. transformer comprising an A.C. energized coil wound on a core having a further winding carrying the motor armature current, whereby the impedance of and the current in the A.C. winding is proportional to the D.C. load current, and is rectified before being fed to the semi-conductor body 110. To indicate the power output of the machine, the Hall voltage torque signal obtained from a semi-conductor body 210. (Fig. 9), as described above is multiplied by a speed signal obtained from a tacho-generator 215 driven by the motor (not shown), in a wattmeter-type instrument, or in a multiplier comprising a choke 220 whose energizing winding 221 is fed by the tacho-generator 215, and which has a further semi-conductor body 219 located in an air gap in the iron circuit, fed with the torque signal from semi-conductor 210 at terminals 205, 206 to produce a further Hall voltage at terminals 207, 208 indicative of their product and representing the power output. Alternatively the torque and speed signals may feed the field and armature of a motor driving a meter pointer through a clutch which is energized separately for each operation, so that the total work done during each operation may be determined. In an embodiment for maintaining a constant tension in steel strip rolling apparatus (Fig. 12), the strip, initially on a reel 309, is fed between rolls 325, 326 to a reel 328. The rolls 325, 326 are driven at constant speed by motor 310; the reel 328 is driven by a motor 311; the reel 309 is located on a shaft carrying a motor 312 which acts as a generator brake when strip is being fed in the direction shown, the functions of motors 311, 312 being reversed when the direction of winding is reversed. The torque output signal of motor 311 is combined with the speed signal produced by a tacho-generator 322 in a second semi-conductor device 319 to obtain a voltage at terminals 307, 308 representative of the work done by motor 311, which is compared at resistor 324 with a voltage from tacho-generator 323 driven by the motor 310, any difference being applied to the control grid 315 of a mercury arc rectifier 314 feeding the armature of motor 311, whereby the winding speed of reel 328 is adjusted to that consistent with a constant tension in the strip. To avoid inaccuracies due to armature reaction the torque-measuring semi-conductor element may be mounted on the rotating armature, connections being made through a combination of slip-rings and commutators, or the load current may be tapped off directly from an adjacent armature conductor. A plurality of seriesconnected, torque-measuring semi-conductor 'elements may be used, located either axially or circumferentially or both on the surface of the armature. Alternatively, to avoid the effects of variable armature reaction, variable speed and variable temperature, the magnetic condition under the pole of a motor 501 (Fig. 15), may be reproduced in a static magnetic core 503, the main flux being produced by a winding 508 in series with the field winding 502, the semi-conductor body 505 being located in a gap 504 and fed with a proportionate armature current from shunt resistor 506, the complete magnetic conditions being simulated by the addition of a saturable leg 509 and a yoke 510 separated by an adjustable insulating strip 511, and auxiliary winding 512 short-circuited through a resistor 513. To determine the torque output of an A.C. motor the semiconductor element is located 90 degrees electrically from the field winding whose current is being fed to the semi-conductor body, so that its instantaneous magnetic flux is that produced by the instantaneous current through it, which therefore bear the correct phase relationship.

PURPOSE: A timing roller or timing disk, and fabricating method thereof is provided to be used regardless of a wet atmosphere and 100°C temperature by setting an accurate location of a machine tool, a servo motor and an encoder. CONSTITUTION: A timing disk is composed as a film material(1a), a photo cream layer(1b), and a deposited thin film(1c). After being exposed and developed, a code masking(1d) is indicated as a black. The film material(1a) used as a carrier material is directly combined with a photo layer or a gelatin layer(1b). A transmitter(4) and a receiver(5) arranged on a common unit(6) are located at an external edge of a timing disk(1). The transmitter(4) and the receiver(5) are connected to a control circuit. A reflective layer is arranged on the film material(1a). The receiver(5) transmits a pulse to the control circuit.

A pore- or particle-size distribution measurement apparatus capable of measuring the size of a pore or a particle in a short time with high accuracy, is provided. When the size of a pore (Y) existing in a porous insulator film ( 3 ) or the size of a particle in a thin film is measured, a specimen ( 5 ) having the insulator film ( 3 ) formed on the surface of a substrate ( 4 ) is irradiated, from the surface side thereof, with X-rays R at a specified incident angle thetai larger than the total reflection critical angle of the insulator film ( 3 ) but not exceeding 1.3 times the total reflection critical angle of the substrate ( 4 ). In the irradiated X-rays, among components exiting from the insulator film ( 3 ) without entering the pore (Y) and scattering of reflection component of the X-rays reflected on the surface of the substrate ( 4 ) after having entered the insulator film ( 3 ), the scattered component whose exit angle is larger than that of a component of the reflection component which exits from the insulator film ( 3 ) without entering the pore (Y) is detected.

1,098,523. Radio or radar receivers. CSFCOMPAGNIE GENERALE DE TELEGRAPHIE SANS FIL. Jan. 8, 1965 [Jan. 9, 1964], No. 941/65. Heading H3Q. In a superhet radio or radar receiver, having local oscillations supplied to the mixer 2 from an harmonic generating frequency multiplier 8 driven by a variable frequency oscillator 6, at least one circuit for measuring the frequency of the incoming signals is provided by feeding the signals direct via one channel and via a channel including a frequency dependent phase shifter to a device 24 which provides a ratio of the signals from the two channels which is measured by a further means 22 to determine the frequency. The output from the phase-measuring device 24 is fed to a frequency indicator 22. The frequency of the oscillator 6 can be controlled manually by 71 or can be modulated by 72. The output from the mixer 2 is fed to a utilization apparatus 5, e.g. headphones or a loud-speaker via an I.F. amplifier 3 and detector 4. In a modified arrangement (Fig. 2, not shown), for direct detection of video signals the output from the mixer is also fed to a low frequency amplifier (36) interposed between the detector 4 and the apparatus 5 via a video amplifier (33) and L.F. filter 34. In a further receiver (Fig. 4, not shown), the phase-measuring device 24 is replaced by a hybrid junction (42) the two outputs of which are each fed via a separate mixer (51, 52) and amplifier (53, 54) to a circuit network (56). The two outputs from this circuit are fed via limiting amplifiers (57, 58) to a phase-sensitive circuit (59) and to a detector (60). The output from the phasesensitive circuit (59) is fed via a comparator (61) to a utilization apparatus or memory or indicating circuit (62) which is connected to the oscillator control circuit 7. The detector (60) can feed a measuring apparatus or an audible or visual alarm (55). Also the output from one of the mixers may feed the detector (60) via a video amplifier and a frequency tripler (81) is interposed between the oscillator and harmonic multiplier. The multiplier may consist of a diode arrangement and the oscillator 6 may use entirely semi-conductor devices.

To search for a material that can inhibit selectively a methyl mercaptan odor.SOLUTION: A methyl mercaptan odor inhibitor evaluation and/or selection method includes measuring the response of at least one olfactory receptor polypeptide selected from the group consisting of OR4S2 after test material addition and a polypeptide having the same function as that, in the presence of metal ions.SELECTED DRAWING: None 【課題】メチルメルカプタン臭を選択的に抑制することができる物質の探索。【解決手段】試験物質添加後のＯＲ４Ｓ２及びこれと同等の機能を有するポリペプチドからなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の嗅覚受容体ポリペプチドの応答を金属イオン存在下で測定することを含む、メチルメルカプタン臭抑制剤の評価及び／又は選択方法。【選択図】なし

A method of manufacturing a plastic coding disk or a coding ruler uses a plastic sheet that has transmittancy over 90% and can sustain high temperature up to 120 degree Celsius as a base; furthermore, the thickness of the base is less than 0.5mm and is preferably made of polyester (PET) or polycarbonate (PC). First, a layer of chromel-alumel thin film of approximately 1μm is vapor deposited on the base; subsequently, a photo resisting agent is coated on top of the chromel-alumel thin film, forming a layer of photo resisting film of 1 to 3 um in thickness; a film master plate with optical grating pattern of a coding disk or a coding ruler drawn by a light plotting machine is placed on the photo resisting film, followed by a photo sensitization under the exposure of a parallel light irradiation; the un-sensitized photo resisting film is then washed away; after soaking and etching the plastic sheet in an etching solution for several tens of seconds, sensitized photo resisting film is washed away so as to complete the fabrication of the optical grating pattern of the coding disk or the coding ruler; finally, a disc-shaped coding disk or a strip-shaped coding ruler used for an encoder or an optical ruler is made by placing the optical grating pattern in an optical stamping machine and punching it with automatic alignment.