817,553. Magnetic tests. SIEMENSSCHUCKERTWERKE A.G. May 7, 1956 [May 6, 1955], No. 14179/56. Addition to 759,047. Class 37. The magnetic properties of a magnetic material are determined by placing a semiconductor adjacent the surface of the material under test, the semi-conductor being of the AIII BV type having a carrier mobility of 6000 cm.2/volt. sec. or more claimed in the parent Specification. The semi-conductor may be used as a Hall plate, or its change of resistance with magnetic field strength may be measured. Fig. 3 shows an arrangement in which the material 23 under test is situated between the poles 21a of an electromagnet. Hall plate 25 is placed against one of the faces of the material in an air gap between it and one of the polepieces and produces an output indicative of the induction in the test material. An additional Hall plate 27 placed edge-on may measure the field near the surface of the specimen, i.e. H By connecting the outputs of the two Hall plates in opposition the magnetization intensity, B-H, may be measured. Fig. 4 shows an arrangement for examining a magnetic plate 32 for anisotropism. The field is produced by current in a central conductor 33 and the semi-conductor is placed in various radial positions to determine maximum and minimum field strength and thus the preferred magnetic direction of the material. Specifications 719,873 and 797,505 also are referred to.

A sensor preferably capable of high resolution sensing over a large operating range includes a composite diaphragm containing nanotubes or nanowires. The nanotubes or nanowires preferably form a mat that is embedded in insulating material, such as high dielectric or insulating thin films. The nanotubes or nanowires may provide the diaphragm with a Young's modulus of greater than about 1000 GPa and a tensile strength of greater than about 100 GPa. The strain in the nanotubes or nanowires may be measured by a change in resistance, voltage, current or capacitance.

The detector includes a thin-film resistive component ( 3 ), at least two first electrical contacts ( 6, 7 ) electrically connected to the resistive component ( 3 ) that provide for biasing and signal readout, at least one second electrical contact ( 1 ) electrically connected to the resistive component ( 3 ) that provides bias control, an integral infra-red absorption means ( 4, 5 ) and thermal isolation means ( 10, 11 ). The detector may further include a readout integrated microcircuit (RIOC).

1,183,503. Measuring fluid-flow electrically. GEORGE KENT Ltd. June 11, 1968 [June 16, 1967], No.27979/67. Heading G1N . Rotation of a turbine flowmeter, provided with a magnetized disc on its shaft or with magnetized inserts in the turbine blades, is sensed by a semi-conductor detector, e.g. a Hall plate or a magneto-resistive element. As shown, the turbine may be axially aligned with the fluid-flow direction, Fig. 2 and Figs. 1, 3, 4 (not shown), or with its axis on right angles to the flow, Fig.6 and Figs.5, 7, 8 (not shown), and is provided either with a diametically magnetized disc 18, Fig. 2, on the turbine shaft or with magnetized inserts 68 in the blades Fig. 6. One or more Hall plates 24 or magneto-resistive elements are equally spaced round the disc or turbine blades. The Hall plate 24 may be D.C. energized, Fig. 9 (not shown), and its output rectified or it may be A.C. energized, Fig. 10 (not shown), and its output demodulated. Alternatively it may be connected in the feedback circuit of an amplifier, Fig. 11 (not shown), provided with a C.R. circuit, so that the amplifier produces an A.C. output, whose frequency is determined by that of the C.R. circuit, only when the Hall plate emits a positive pulse. In all the above examples the final pulsed output is shaped to provide squarewave pulses which are fed to a counter to provide an indication of flow-rate. If a single magneto-resistive element is employed, it may be connected together with a fixed resistor across an D.C. or A. C. supply, Figs.12, 13 (not shown), the output being rectified or demodulated and shaped as required. For temperature compensation the fixed resistor may be replaced by a second magneto-resistive element, Fig.16 (not shown), which is screened from the magnetic field. If a plurality of magnetoresistive elements are used, Fig.17 (not shown), they may be connected in parallel in series with the fixed resistors. Alternatively, for two magneto-resistive elements positioned 180 degrees or 90 degrees apart, they may be connected in opposite arms of a Wheatstone bridge, Figs.14, 15 (not shown). As before, in each case the pulsed output is shaped to form a squarewave pulse.

PURPOSE:To impart antistatic/antireflection properties to the surfaces of various kinds of display meters and the protective covers thereof by forming one layer of a transparent conductive thin film and combining the conductive thin film and other transparent thin film. CONSTITUTION:An SiO2 layer 22 as a 1st layer is formed on, characteristic a CRT display surface 21. The thickness thereof is about <=100nm. The transparent conductive thin film 23 consisting of In2O3 as the 2nd layer is formed thereon. The physical property value of the film 23 is n=2.0:lambda/2:R=50OMEGA/sq. The film thickness thereof is usually several hundreds to several thousands Angstrom and is determined from the relation with various optical characteristics (spectral characteristics). A thin film 24 consisting of MgF2 is formed as a 3rd layer on the film 23. The physical property value of the film 24 is n=1.37:lambda/4. The prevention of reflection is attained by these three layers 22 to 24.

Polymeric surfactants (molecular micelles) are disclosed for use in open tubular capillary electrochromatography or in high performance liquid chromatography. For example, fused silica capillaries are coated with thin films of charged polymers in a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM). A PEM coating may be formed in situ by alternate rinses with positive and negative polyelectrolytes. At least the innermost of the negatively charged polymer layers is a molecular micelle. Prototype embodiments have successfully separated seven benzodiazepines from one another. The run-to-run, day-to-day, week-to-week and capillary-to-capillary reproducibilities were very good, with relative standard deviation values less than 0.01. The PEM-coated capillary was very robust over at least 200 runs. Stability against high and low pH values was also observed. Using chiral polymerized micelles, chiral separations may be achieved, as was demonstrated with a separation of the enantiomers of 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-dihydrogenphosphate. Alternatively, layers for use in this invention may be formed from zwitterionic polymers in lieu of separate cationic and anionic layers. Zwitterionic polymer layers may be used either with or without molecular micelles.

A sensor (10) preferably capable of high resolution sensing over a large operating range includes a composite diaphragm (12) containing nanotubes or nanowires (14). The nanotubes or nanowires (14) preferably form a mat that is embedded in insulating material (16, 18), such as high dielectric or insulating thin films. The nanotubes or nanowires (14) may provide the diaphragm (10) with a Young's modulus of greater than about 1000 GPa and a tensile strength of greater than about 100 GPa. The strain in the nanotubes or nanowires (14) may be measured by a change in resistance, voltage, current or capacitance. Selon l'invention, un détecteur (10) permettant de préférence une détection haute résolution sur une plage de fonctionnement importante comprend un diaphragme composite (12) contenant des nanotubes ou des nanofils (14). Ceux-ci (14) forment de préférence un tapis incorporé dans un matériau d'isolation (16, 18), tel que des films minces d'isolation ou à diélectrique élevé. Les nanotubes ou les nanofils (14) peuvent apporter au diaphragme (10) un module de Young supérieur à environ 1000 GPa et une résistance à la traction supérieure à environ 100 GPa. La contrainte dans les nanotubes ou les nanofils (14) peut être mesurée par un changement de résistance, tension, courant ou capacité.