1,248,211. Wave-energy distance measuring; automatic phase control. THOMSON-CSF. 25 Oct., 1968 [31 Oct., 1967], No. 50842/68. Headings H3A and H4D. In relative phase determining apparatus, a signal of unknown phase is compared in a phase comparator 6 with a signal from a mixer 5 and the comparator output controls the frequency of a variable frequency oscillator 2, the inputs to mixer 5 being the output of a mixer 3-fed with the outputs of oscillator 2 and a fixed frequency oscillator 1-and an output from oscillator 2 as delayed by line 4. The invention is applied to measuring the distance d of a target 10, the transmitted waves being radio, acoustic or light. The measuring wave may be amplitude modulated on to a higher-frequency wave, e.g. a semi-conductor visible or invisible light source, Fig. 2 (not shown). The arrangement may be extended for higher precision over greater distances, utilizing two fixed, and two variable, frequency oscillators, Fig. 3 (not shown).

1,151,501. Determining the molar concentration of solutions, electrically. PERKINELMER Ltd. July 6, 1966 [April 6, 1965], No.14609/65. Heading G1N. The molar concentration or molecular weight of a solution is monitored by observing the change in resistance of a semi-conductor bead thermistor 39 as the solution flows from an outlet 37 of a tube 27 over the bead surface in the form of a film, which solution may be effluent from a chromatograph column (not shown). The bead resistance may be compared in a bridge with a fixed reference resistance, or alternatively with the resistance of a reference bead 41 over which a carrier liquid or solvent, as used in the column, flows in the form of a film from an outlet 38 of a tube 28. The vertical separation of the respective outlets and beads is adjustable to produce the films. The thermistor sensors are contained in an isopiestic chamber 19 (i.e. a chamber containing a constant vapour pressure of solvent) on the base of which is a pool 50 of solvent similar to that used as the carrier in the column. Over-flow funnels 40, 44 prevent contamination of the pool by the effluent. The inner surface 17 of the chamber is lined with absorbent material to assist evaporation of the solvent. Operation The chamber is within a thermally insulating casing 1, 2 which is temperature controlled and in operation is heated by an electric heater 7, air being circulated by a fan 10, until steady state temperature conditions are reached and the pressure of evaporated solvent remains constant which in general is when the chamber is saturated with solvent. The resistance of the beads will then be stable. The flow of the effluent solution and solvent over the thermistors is then commenced. Since the effluent comprises the solvent and traces of a sample under analysis it will have a lower vapour pressure than the solvent, dependent on the quantity and molecular weight of the sample constituents; which results in condensation of solvent vapour on the effluent surface whose temperature then increases. This increase is detected by the bead 39 and upsets the balance of a constant voltage input D.C. bridge. Equilibrium is reached when the vapour pressures of the effluent and solvent become equal, and the temperature difference which then exists indicates the molar concentration of the sample constituents on the bead 39 at that time. By adjusting the bridge until balanced a record of temp. difference is obtained or alternatively the bridge output may be connected to a chart recorder. The refractive index of the effluent may also be detected, and is dependent on density, also the molecular weights at various peaks can be derived by correlation of the reading of total mass and total number of moles. The arrangement may be used to compare two liquids.

892,493. Measuring electrically. DUNKEL, M. M., [trading as LEYBOLD'S NACHFOLGER, E.]. Feb. 23, 1959 [Feb. 22, 1958], No. 6158/59. Class 40 (1). In a heat conduction manometer comprising one or more temperature-sensitive measuring elements, e.g. resistors or thermocouples, and one or more apertured or bifurcated oscillating members operable to induce a flow of the gas whose pressure is to be measured around or past the measuring elemen(s), the temperature of the measuring element(s) is maintained constant and the heating power necessary to achieve this is measured. In Fig. 1, a leafspring 5 of ferromagnetic material is oscillated by an iron-cored solenoid 2 supplied with voltage- and frequency-stabilized A.C. to create a flow of the test medium around a semi-conductor bead 6 located within an aperture 51 in the leaf-spring; alternatively, the spring may be bifurcated about the bead. The bead is connected to a measuring device 14 comprising a bridge circuit the output of which controls the heating current to the bead and actuates a meter 15 to give an indication of the test pressure. In a modification, two oscillating leaf-springs and two semi-conductor beads are used. The leaf-spring(s) may be oscillated by electrostatic, piezo-electric or mechanical drive, and the measuring element(s) may be fixed to the spring(s) for oscillation therewith. The amplitude and/or frequency of oscillation of the spring(s) may be kept constant or varied, for example, in dependence on the current being measured; electrical or mechanical compensation may be provided to off-set the effect of unwanted variations of oscillation amplitude. The manometer may also contain an ordinary heat conduction measuring element.

1,101,037. Optical apparatus. MULLARD Ltd. March 31, 1966 [May 24, 1965], No. 21866/65. Heading G2J. An optical element 2, Fig. 2, of refractive index n 1 , particularly for use in attenuated total reflection (A. T. R.) spectroscopy, is provided with a thin layer 6 of refractive index n 3 and thickness d with an outer face 7 adjacent a medium 8 of refractive index n 2 where n 2 < n 3 and n 2 < n 1 , the arrangement being such that when a beam 1 of radiation of free-space wavelength # is directed from a source 9 into the element 2, the layer 6 produces a standing wave of light of great intensity. The material to be investigated by A. T. R. may form the layer 6, the medium 8, or be provided in the medium 8 as a thin film on surface 7. The element 2 may be of silicon (n = 3À5) or germanium (n 1 = 4) and layer 6 of silica (n 3 = 1À45). As shown the beam is incident on the interface 5 at an angle e 1 where n 3 > n 1 sin # 1 > n 2 and refracted into the layer 6 with an angle of refraction # 2 where:- where k is an arbitrary integer equal to 0, 1, 2, ..... (# r ) 6 7 is the phase change on reflection in the layer 6 at the surface 7 and (# r ) 2 5 is that in the element 2 at the interface 5, the source 9 being such that the beam is coherent over a length l in the plane of incidence on the interface 5 where r 1 being the reflection coefficient for immediate reflection of the radiation travelling in the element 2 at the interface 5 so that in operation the electric field vector of the radiation at the face 7 is greater than it would have been if face 7 coincided with interface 5 except insofar as the vector at face 7 is reduced by absorbent material, if any, present within layer 6.

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an inspection apparatus for a can with a dent or buckling, which can detect a dent or buckling caused in a can circumference direction with high accuracy by a simple configuration requiring no rotating mechanism for a can.SOLUTION: The inspection apparatus for a can with a dent or buckling includes: annular illumination means for irradiating a body part of a metal can as an inspection object with light; and a plurality of cameras arranged to share a work of imaging the whole circumferential face of the can, each at an installation angle where the camera does not capture regular reflection light of illumination light when the can is in a normal shape but captures abnormal reflection light caused by a dent or buckling deformation generating in the can. The inspection apparatus is configured to inspect a can by determining whether or not the plurality of cameras captures abnormal reflection light from an inspection region of the can body part. 【課題】本発明が解決する課題は、缶回転機構が不要な簡単な構成で缶周方法に生じる凹み・座屈を高精度で検出できる凹み缶・座屈缶検査装置を提供することにある。【解決手段】本発明の凹み缶・座屈缶検査装置は、被検体である金属缶の胴部に光を照射するためのリング状照明手段を配備し、複数のカメラを缶が正常形状の場合には照射光の正反射光を捉えず、缶に生じた凹み・座屈変形に起因する異常反射光を捉える設置角度で、缶の全周面を分担して撮影するように配置し、複数のカメラが缶胴部の検査領域からの異常反射光をとらえたか否かにより検査できるようにした。【選択図】図１

1,166,890. Photo-electric analysis of gammarays. OSTERREICHISCHE STUDIENGESELLSCHAFT F R ATOMENERGIE G.m.b.H. Nov. 3, 1967 [Nov.4, 19661, No.50052/67. Heading G1A. Gamma-rays are analysed by directing them on to a semi-conductor detector 1 and receiving rays back-scattered from the detector on a second semi-conductor detector 2, coincident outputs from the two detectors being amplified at 4 and 5, added together at 7 and passed to a multi-channel analyser 10 via a delay stage 8 and gate 9 operated by the coincidence circuit 6. 1,166,890. Photo-electric analysis of gammarays. OSTERREICHISCHE STUDIENGESELLSCHAFT FœR ATOMENERGIE G.m.b.H. Nov. 3, 1967 [Nov.4, 19661, No.50052/67. Heading G1A. Gamma-rays are analysed by directing them on to a semi-conductor detector 1 and receiving rays back-scattered from the detector on a second semi-conductor detector 2, coincident outputs from the two detectors being amplified at 4 and 5, added together at 7 and passed to a multi-channel analyser 10 via a delay stage 8 and gate 9 operated by the coincidence circuit 6.